INS and prostate carcinoma: Most recently, an experimental study reported intracellular de novo steroidogenesis promoted by insulin in prostate cancer; Lubik et al. showed that transcription of androgen-metabolic enzymes such as CYP17A1 and 5-α-reductase were upregulated by insulin in a dose-dependent manner in prostate cancer cells LNCaP and 22RV1, which express androgen receptor [44].