In contrast, a recent cohort study with 9-year observation by Hammarsten and associates showed that the prediagnostic insulin level was higher in men with than without incident prostate cancer (fasting serum insulin 12.0 versus 9.0 mU/l, P = 0.023), although the study included a small number of prostate cancer patients (n = 44) and hazard ratio for the insulin level was unclear [34]. Here, INS is linked to Familial prostate cancer.