When the urinary levels of the three molecules in patients with class IV LN were compared against the corresponding levels in patients with other classes of LN, all three markers exhibited higher levels in class IV LN and tended to differentiate this class from other classes of LN (Figure 4), with the differences for CXCL16 and VCAM-1 attaining statistical significance. Here, VCAM1 is linked to lobular neoplasia.