CSF2 and neoplasm: Another well-studied chemotherapeutic agent is cyclophosphamide (CTX), which has been shown to rapidly induce the release of growth factors (including IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and GM-CSF), proinflammatory cytokines (including IFNγ, IFNα/β, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17), and chemokines in treated tumor-bearing hosts [48, 49].