HMGB1 and serum lipopolysaccharide activity: It has been reported that the serum HMGB1 level in patients with endotoxemia, sepsis, hemorrhagic shock, rheumatoid arthritis, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and ST-elevation myocardial infarction is significantly increased, and high serum HMGB1 level has been associated with pump failure, cardiac rupture, and inhospital cardiac death [10–15].