ENTPD2 and neoplasm: When we treated Ba/F3 cells with doxorubicin, which is also a known immunogenic anticancer drug, less ATP was released than from autophagic dying cells, and this smaller amount was not sufficient to induce inflammasome activation in vitro. As we discussed above, this is likely due to ecto-ATPases and raises the possibility that regulation of the intensity of autophagy and thereby ATP release in dying tumor cells might be important for achieving an effective immunogenic response in the host, like the effect of increasing ATP levels in the tumor environment by inhibiting ecto-ATPases [19].