Several studies have previously shown that increased ROS levels can play a major role in cardiac dysfunction in different cardiomyopathies Therefore, due to the potential role of these enzymes in contributing to cardiac malfunction in VAChT KDHOM mice, the increased expression of these enzymes was further confirmed via qPCR (Figure 2a, 2b). The gene discussed is SLC18A3; the disease is cardiomyopathy.