Other characteristics of patients (i.e., age, sex, cirrhosis, glucose baseline status, co-infected HIV, ethnics, high BMI, family history of diabetes, steatosis, HOMA-IR values, ALT levels, HCV-RNA, HCV genotype, liver fibrosis, naïve and experienced patients, types of DM, alcohol consumption, and treatment schedules) were recognized as confounding factors caused by the selection bias. The gene discussed is GPT; the disease is diabetes mellitus.