One important implication of the present work is that the identification of CREB binding sites in the jnk1 promoter may provide candidate regions for identifying polymorphisms that contribute to the cholinergic contribution of the pathology of various cognitive disorders that involve nAChR function such as Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia and addiction [66], [67]. This evidence concerns the gene CHRNA4 and early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.