Moreover, pharmacological inhibition of TβRI with SB431542 or EGFR with erlotinib enhanced the efficacy of gemcitabine and cisplatin in human pancreatic cancer cells and in primary cell cultures established from pancreata of genetically-engineered mouse models of PDAC [16], underscoring the usefulness of this 3-D culture system for testing the efficacy of therapeutic agents. This evidence concerns the gene TGFBR1 and familial pancreatic carcinoma.