On day 7, the levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly lower in the ivabradine group and carvedilol group compared with the myocarditis group (P<0.05; Figure 8), and the levels of MCP-1 were significantly reduced by ivabradine (P<0.05; Figure 8), but carvedilol had no effect on the MCP-1. Here, TNF is linked to myocarditis.