TNF and schizophrenia: A recent meta-analysis of these studies suggests the presence of an inflammatory syndrome in schizophrenia, with some cytokines mainly present during acute exacerbations and possibly to be considered as state marker for acute schizophrenia, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and transforming growth factor- β (TGF-β), and other cytokines remaining elevated following antipsychotic treatment and possibly to be considered as trait markers, such as IL-12, interferon-γ (INF-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (Miller et al., 2011).