TNF and psychotic disorder: To date, only few studies have investigated cytokine levels in subjects with first-episode psychosis, reporting higher serum or plasma levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, INF-γ, TNF- α, TGF- β and soluble IL-2 receptor (Ganguli and Rabin, 1989; Kim et al., 2000, 2002, 2004, 2009; Theodoropoulou et al., 2001; Crespo-Facorro et al., 2008; Fernandez-Egea et al., 2009; Song et al., 2009).