In immune responses against infection and models of autoimmune diseases, Th1 and Th17 cells often develop simultaneously [3].The differentiation of Th1 or Th17 cells occurs after exposure to APC-derived polarizing cytokines such as IL-12 for Th1 cells [40] and transforming growth factor-β, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-23 for Th17 cells [5,41-43]. Here, IL1B is linked to infection.