TNF and Cerebral ischemia: VIP is a widely distributed neuropeptide with neuroprotective properties by inhibition of proinflammatory mediators, such as IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), IL-12, and nitric oxide (NO), in vivo in various murine models of Parkinson’s disease, acute brain trauma, neuroinflammation, and cerebral ischemia [59].