Analysis of the Tau phosphorylation levels in immune-challenged 3xTg-AD mice showed that, apart from a strongly increased pTau IR level in the hippocampal formation (Figure 8I-J; see Additional file 8: Figures S8 and Additional file 10: Figure S10), a single PolyI:C injection during pre-plaque stage was sufficient to induce tangle-like structures in neuronal somata outside the high tau transgene expression sites, including the somatosensory cortex (Figure 8I-J, inset). Here, MAPT is linked to Alzheimer disease.