Stanbrough and colleagues compared gene expression profiles of androgen-independent PCa bone marrow metastases (N=33) with primary PCa samples (N=22) and reported that while AR expression was upregulated in metastatic samples, additional genes including the aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3), a key prostatic enzyme that reduces adrenal androstenedione to testosterone, was also overexpressed [70]. Here, AKR1C3 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.