TNF and melanoma: Lipopolysaccharides can stimulate normal human melanocytes to produce IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6, IL-8, CCL2, CCl3, and CCL5 [38, 39], and chemotherapy of melanoma-bearing mice results in enhanced expression of CCL5 and the CXCR3 ligands CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCl11 by tumor cells [40].