Despite the fact that neutrophils are an important source of cytokines [25], we found that except for IL-8 (CXCL8), the neutrophils from malaria patients produced none or very small amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-αin response to TLR agonists. The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is malaria.