TNF and malaria: Production of these cytokines was further increased in PBMCs obtained 35, 56, and 90 days post malaria challenge compared to those obtained at baseline or at early stages of P. falciparum infection (Figure 2A–C, TNF-α: day 35 p = 0.013, day 56 p = 0.29, day 90 p = 0.19; IFN-γ: day 35 p<0.001, day 56 p = 0.019, day 90 p<0.001; MIP-1α: day 35 p<0.001, day 56 p = 0.002, day 90 p<0.001).