In order to determine if CD4+ memory T-cells were indeed responsible for the increase we saw in HIV production, we compared surface activation markers on total CD4+ T-cells, memory (CD45RO+) CD4+ T-cells, as well as total CD8+ T-cells and memory (CD45RO+) CD8+ T-cells in PBMCs obtained on Day 56 post-malaria exposure compared to surface activation markers expressed by these cell types when obtained from malaria naïve donors. The gene discussed is CD4; the disease is malaria.