TNF and systemic lupus erythematosus: In SLE and healthy subjects overall, TLR-9 stimulation induced the production of IFN-α and TNF-α in 0.3% (SD ± 0.3) and 0.8% (± 1.2) of monocytes, 1.3% (± 1.8) and 0.2% (0.2) of B cells, 1.2% (± 1.3) and 0.5% (0.6) of mDCs, and 7.5% (± 8.7) and 10.3% (± 13.5) of pDCS (Figure 1A).