The current study shows that TLR2 protects against the early stages of infection by inducing innate immune responses (e.g. NK cells and neutrophil influx), but if infection is not controlled, as in TLR2−/− mice, TLR4 mediates subsequent inflammatory and adaptive responses (involving DCs and activated CD8+T-cells) (Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and S2). Here, TLR4 is linked to infection.