IL1RL1 and congenital rubella syndrome: It has been demonstrated that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in several genes are associated with CRS [3]–[10] These are biologically plausible, with roles in regulation of transcription (Ring1A and YY1 binding protein, RYBP) [12]_ENREF_13, inflammatory response (acyloxyacyl hydroxylase, AOAH) [13] and innate immune response (IL1RL1 [5], [14] and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) [6], [15]), are associated with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in a Canadian Caucasian population [16].