This result differs from previous studies, which reported that unliganded VDR partitions consistently between the cytoplasm and the nucleus, as observed in a variety of cell types such as COS-7 cells deficient in expressing endogenous VDR, CV-1 fibroblasts, rat ROS17/2.8 osteosarcoma cells, mouse adenocarcinoma cells, 293 adenovirus-transformed human embryonal kidney cells, and human dermal fibroblasts, and undergoes substantial translocation into the nucleus upon calcitriol treatment [14]. This evidence concerns the gene VDR and adenocarcinoma.