FMR1 and autism spectrum disorder: In Fragile X syndrome, an inherited autism-spectrum disorder associated with intellectual disability that affects 1 : 4000 males and half as many females, mutations in the FMR1 gene cause a functional absence of Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), a protein that reduces translation by recruiting 4E-BP proteins to the 5′ end of mRNAs [64, 65].