They compared expression of NKG2D-L under conditions of wildtype HIV-1 infection and HIV-1Δvif infection and found a surprising discrepancy: the combination of Vpr and A3G in the HIV-1Δvif infections activated the DDR ultimately leading to the upregulation of both A3G and NKG2D-L. This evidence concerns the gene APOBEC3G and HIV-1 infection.