CLA-induced adverse effects, such as increased insulin resistance and inflammation, have been observed mainly by use of single purified CLA isomer (in particular the trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomer) through NF-кB p50/p65 activation [93-95], while CLA producing Lactobacillus species (e.g., L. casei, L. plantarum) exhibited anti- inflammatory effects along with increased PPARγ expression [92]. The gene discussed is PPARG; the disease is Insulin resistance.