Based on genomic and proteomic profiles, a number of studies have shown that the levels of ALDH1A1 expression are significantly higher in platinum- or taxane-resistant ovarian cancer cells (26,28), classical and atypical multidrug-resistant gastric carcinoma cells (29), cyclophosphamide-resistant human carcinoma cells (30,31) and oxazaphosphorine-resistant human malignant blood cell lines (32). This evidence concerns the gene ALDH1A1 and carcinoma.