CD40LG and Haim-Munk syndrome: In industrialized countries, PCR analysis for malarial DNA can provide further evidence for diagnosis of HMS.82 Diagnostic criteria include: long-term stay in endemic areas, massive and persistent splenomegaly, anaemia, high levels of serum IgM, increased levels of malarial antibodies and clinical and immunological response to antimalarial treatment.83 Left untreated, HMS may lead to a cachectic condition with increased susceptibility to potentially fatal infections.