HIF1A and infection: Given the role of this proton efflux pump in transport of divalent metal ions like Fe2+ or Mn2+ from lysosomal/phagolysosomal compartment to cytosol, HIF-1 mediated SLC11A1 expression should be detrimental to intracellular LD growth; however, the parasite may overcome this condition by expressing divalent metal ion transporter LIT-1 in its intracellular form [46] during successful infection.