PPARA and familial dilated cardiomyopathy: As PPARA is an important regulator of HFABP and CPT1B, and PGC1A co-activates PPARA and regulates β-oxidation [6], [12], [13], [23], our results suggest that there is a general up-regulation of the PPARA- PGC1A-HFABP-β-oxidation pathway in HF of DCM but not ICM aetiology.