LCN2 and acute kidney injury: Several arguments challenge this view: not all septic shock patients develop AKI despite similar hypotension and hemodynamic resuscitation; fresh human renal biopsies after death fail to show important ischemic lesions; biopsies show frequent microvessel thrombosis, infiltration by immune cells, and apoptosis [6]; the recently introduced biomarker neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) a metallo-protein from neutrophils, is a good predictor of severe AKI [7] with a large lipocalin gene expression during post-ischemic reperfusion [8].