Proteins upregulated in SS-AF-MSCs compared to RS-AF-MSCs included reticulocalbin-3 precursor (RCN3), collagen α1 (I) (COL1α1), FK506-binding protein 9 precursor (FKBP9), Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 1 (RhoGDI), chloride intracellular channel protein 4 (CLIC4), tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS), and 70 kD heat shock protein (HSP70). The gene discussed is FKBP9; the disease is atrial fibrillation.