HSPA5 and Alzheimer disease: In postmortem brain tissues from AD patients, a significant increase in the levels of ER stress markers, including phospho-PERK, phospho-eIF2α, and phospho-IRE1α, the transcription factor XBP1, the chaperone Grp78, and the downstream mediator of cell death CHOP has been reported, compared with age-matched controls, suggesting that the prolonged activation of the ER stress response is involved in the neurodegenerative process in AD [119–122].