Additionally, several phytochemicals (cannabinoids, physostigmine, and nicotine) and dietary modulators (curcumin, resveratrol, gingko, saffron, lemon balm, sage) have also been suggested as possible treatments for AD based on their effects on cholinergic signaling, oxidant formation, and processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) (Nitsch et al. 1992; Howes and Perry 2011). This evidence concerns the gene APP and Alzheimer disease.