When the patients were categorized by the number of independent, preoperatively evaluable risk factors, the early death rate within 1 year was 60.0% for patients with three risk factors: AFP > 1,000 ng/ml, tumor number ≥ 4, and tumor size ≥ 5 cm, while the early death rate was 1.1% for patients with no risk factors. Here, AFP is linked to neoplasm.