In addition to diagnosing biologically indolent cancers, PSA elevation occurs with benign conditions including benign prostatic hypertrophy, prostatitis, subclinical inflammation, ejaculation, digital rectal exams (potentially performed just prior to patients having their PSA lab drawn), perineal trauma, prostatic infarction, urinary retention, biopsy, and transurethral resection of the prostate. Here, KLK3 is linked to urogenital neoplasm.