TLRs in non-immune cells have been implicated in multiple autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, including Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (TLR3 in thyrocytes) [17], colitis (TLR4 in intestinal epithelial cells [18] and type 1 diabetes (TLR3 in pancreatic ß-cells) [19]. Here, TLR4 is linked to colitis.