TNF and malaria: Data from the literature of experimental in vitro malaria studies show that the mechanisms induced or involved in the activation of NF-κB p65 include haemozoin (HZ)-induced enhancement of inflammatory cytokines [11,16-18], activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in human monocytes fed with trophozoites and HZ [19], and P. falciparum glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) stimulating monocytes and macrophages, leading to the activation of NF-κB downstream signaling pathways induced expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as TNF, IL-6, IL-12, and nitric oxide (NO) [12,13].