TIMP1 and parasitic infectious disease: In agreement with studies in animal models of parasitic infection showing association between MMP/TIMP levels and Type 2 cytokines [39]–[42], our examination of filaria-infected individuals also reveals a significantly positive association between MMP-1/TIMP-4 and MMP-8/TIMP-4 ratios (both of which were specifically elevated in CP Ag+) and Type 2 (and pro-fibrotic) cytokines.