Furthermore, given the prominent role that multifunctional T cells have been shown to have in the host defense from other human infections [29], [30], [31], we investigated the concomitant production of IL-17A with 5 other cytokines/chemokines (IL-10, IL-2, IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β) as a first step to investigate the potential role of multifunctional T cells in protection from S. Typhi infection. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is infection.