CSF2 and peripheral arterial disease: In a study of the effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) on vascular function in adults with peripheral arterial disease, treatment-induced increase in the number of circulating CD34-expressing cells correlated with clinical improvements in flow-mediated dilation and pain-free walking time [20], suggesting that undifferentiated hematopoietic cells have angiogenic potential or are a surrogate marker of vascular repair cells.