ATF6 and infection: This interpretation is consistent with our previous studies, in which we demonstrated that DENV-2 infection modulates the UPR in a time-dependent manner by sequentially activating and suppressing PERK-eIF2α phosphorylation early in infection, followed by the activation of the IRE1-XBP1 pathway during mid-infection and then activation of the ATF6 pathway and SREBP-2 pathway late in infection [26].