In addition to the extensive pro-inflammatory response elicited during infection with Shigella, Shigella was also found to strikingly down-regulate the production of the cathelicidin LL-37, the human homolog of CAP-18, in the epithelial lining of rectal biopsies from Shigella-infected patients [30] while LL-37 could be detected in infiltrating granulocytes and macrophages. Here, CAMP is linked to infection.