those that are highly upregulated only by infection with virulent S. flexneri (CCL4, CCL20, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12/23p40, IL-21, TNF-α, CAP-18, LeukoP and COX-2); ii. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL8 and infection.