These tubular protective effects of PPARα were detected in various types of tubulointerstitial injury models, such as protein-overload nephropathy (the toxicity of excess fatty acids), unilateral ureteral obstruction, 5/6 nephrectomy, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and cisplatin injury [13, 33–35]. This evidence concerns the gene PPARA and Ureteral obstruction.