They include the double-stranded RNA protein kinase (PKR) that is activated during viral infection, the heme-regulated inhibitor kinase (HRI) that is activated under heme deprivation or arsenite exposure, the PKR-like endoplasmatic reticulum kinase (PERK) that is activated by unfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, and the general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) that is activated by uncharged tRNA and thus senses amino acid starvation [107, 118] (Figure 2). This evidence concerns the gene EIF2AK4 and viral infectious disease.