Indeed, BDNF increase has been reported for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (NRIs), serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) (dual-action antidepressants and tricyclic antidepressants), with monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), atypical antidepressants, as well as with electroconvulsive shock treatment, one of the most clinically effective treatments for refractory depression (see Table 1 for references). The gene discussed is BDNF; the disease is major depressive disorder.