VDR and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Apart from the loci associated with T1DM [174] and discussed above, a number of other genes such as VDR (vitamin D receptor) [217,218], FOXP3 (a gene whose expression determines Treg commitment), DIO2 (type II iodothyronine deiodinase), [119], IL23R (IL23 receptor) [219] have been associated with GD, based on candidate gene approach (reviewed in [16]).