HBV-L-AR(−/y) mice that received a low dose of the carcinogen N'-N'-diethylnitrosamine have a lower incidence of HCC and present with smaller tumor sizes, fewer foci formations, and less alpha-fetoprotein HCC marker than do their wild-type HBV-AR(+/y) littermates [49]. Here, AFP is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.