TNF and colitis: To determine the anti-inflammatory effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the DSS-induced colitis, inflammatory markers were used for immunohistochemistry including TNF-α and IFN-γ on colon tissues in the control group(Figure2A a and Figure2B a), the expressions of the TNF-α and IFN-γ were not seen and there were significantly increased expressions of the TNF-α and IFN-γ in the model group(Figure2A b and Figure2B b) than those in the 1,25(OH)2D3-treated group(Figure2A c and Figure2A c).