This agent has been shown to effectively lower the levels of TNF-α and nitrite, a surrogate of nitric oxide metabolism, in LPS-treated macrophage-like cells in vitro [28], to reverse established hippocampus-dependent cognitive deficits induced by chronic neuroinflammation [29], as well as to reverse learning and memory behavioral deficits in a rodent model of head trauma [30]. Here, TNF is linked to Cognitive impairment.