Some genes relevant to immunity and inflammation, such as the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) within the MHC class III region, (reviewed in [11]), Toll-like receptors (TLR-4, TLR-9) [12], [13], CD40 ligand (CD40L) [14], interferon gamma (IFN-γ) (reviewed in [15]), and the nitric oxide synthase type 2 (NOS2A) genes (reviewed in [16]) have also been associated with severe malaria. The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is malaria.